The application of deep learning in abdominal trauma diagnosis by CT imaging.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan is a crucial imaging modality for creating cross-sectional images of the abdominal area, particularly in cases of abdominal trauma, which is commonly encountered in traumatic injuries. However, interpreting CT images is a challenge, especially in emergency. Therefore, we developed a novel deep learning algorithm-based detection method for the initial screening of abdominal internal organ injuries. METHODS: We utilized a dataset provided by the Kaggle competition, comprising 3,147 patients, of which 855 were diagnosed with abdominal trauma, accounting for 27.16% of the total patient population. Following image data pre-processing, we employed a 2D semantic segmentation model to segment the images and constructed a 2.5D classification model to assess the probability of injury for each organ. Subsequently, we evaluated the algorithm's performance using 5k-fold cross-validation. RESULTS: With particularly noteworthy performance in detecting renal injury on abdominal CT scans, we achieved an acceptable accuracy of 0.932 (with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.888, negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.943, sensitivity of 0.887, and specificity of 0.944). Furthermore, the accuracy for liver injury detection was 0.873 (with PPV of 0.789, NPV of 0.895, sensitivity of 0.789, and specificity of 0.895), while for spleen injury, it was 0.771 (with PPV of 0.630, NPV of 0.814, sensitivity of 0.626, and specificity of 0.816). CONCLUSIONS: The deep learning model demonstrated the capability to identify multiple organ injuries simultaneously on CT scans and holds potential for application in preliminary screening and adjunctive diagnosis of trauma cases beyond abdominal injuries.

Mortality and its predictors in abdominal injury across sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal injuries exert a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality. The aggregation of mortality data and its determinants across different regions holds immense importance for designing informed healthcare strategies. Hence, this study assessed the pooled mortality rate and its predictors across sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD: This meta-analysis employed a comprehensive search across multiple electronic databases including PubMed, Africa Index Medicus, Science Direct, and Hinari, complemented by a search of Google Scholar. Subsequently, data were extracted into an Excel format. The compiled dataset was then exported to STATA 17 statistical software for analysis. Utilizing the Dersimonian-Laird method, a random-effect model was employed to estimate the pooled mortality rate and its associated predictors. Heterogeneity was evaluated via the I2 test, while publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot along with Egger's, and Begg's tests. RESULT: This meta-analysis, which includes 33 full-text studies, revealed a pooled mortality rate of 9.67% (95% CI; 7.81, 11.52) in patients with abdominal injuries across sub-Saharan Africa with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 87.21%). This review also identified significant predictors of mortality. As a result, the presence of shock upon presentation demonstrated 6.19 times (95% CI; 3.70-10.38) higher odds of mortality, followed by ICU admission (AOR: 5.20, 95% CI; 2.38-11.38), blunt abdominal injury (AOR: 8.18, 95% CI; 4.97-13.45), post-operative complications (AOR: 8.17, 95% CI; 4.97-13.44), and the performance of damage control surgery (AOR: 4.62, 95% CI; 1.85-11.52). CONCLUSION: Abdominal injury mortality is notably high in sub-Saharan Africa. Shock at presentation, ICU admission, blunt abdominal injury, postoperative complications, and use of damage control surgery predict mortality. Tailored strategies to address these predictors could significantly reduce deaths in the region.

PECARN prediction rules for CT imaging of children presenting to the emergency department with blunt abdominal or minor head trauma: a multicentre prospective validation study.

BACKGROUND: The intra-abdominal injury and traumatic brain injury prediction rules derived by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) were designed to reduce inappropriate use of CT in children with abdominal and head trauma, respectively. We aimed to validate these prediction rules for children presenting to emergency departments with blunt abdominal or minor head trauma. METHODS: For this prospective validation study, we enrolled children and adolescents younger than 18 years presenting to six emergency departments in Sacramento (CA), Dallas (TX), Houston (TX), San Diego (CA), Los Angeles (CA), and Oakland (CA), USA between Dec 27, 2016, and Sept 1, 2021. We excluded patients who were pregnant or had pre-existing neurological disorders preventing examination, penetrating trauma, injuries more than 24 h before arrival, CT or MRI before transfer, or high suspicion of non-accidental trauma. Children presenting with blunt abdominal trauma were enrolled into an abdominal trauma cohort, and children with minor head trauma were enrolled into one of two age-segregated minor head trauma cohorts (younger than 2 years vs aged 2 years and older). Enrolled children were clinically examined in the emergency department, and CT scans were obtained at the attending clinician's discretion. All enrolled children were evaluated against the variables of the pertinent PECARN prediction rule before CT results were seen. The primary outcome of interest in the abdominal trauma cohort was intra-abdominal injury undergoing acute intervention (therapeutic laparotomy, angiographic embolisation, blood transfusion, intravenous fluid for ≥2 days for pancreatic or gastrointestinal injuries, or death from intra-abdominal injury). In the age-segregated minor head trauma cohorts, the primary outcome of interest was clinically important traumatic brain injury (neurosurgery, intubation for >24 h for traumatic brain injury, or hospital admission ≥2 nights for ongoing symptoms and CT-confirmed traumatic brain injury; or death from traumatic brain injury). FINDINGS: 7542 children with blunt abdominal trauma and 19 999 children with minor head trauma were enrolled. The intra-abdominal injury rule had a sensitivity of 100·0% (95% CI 98·0-100·0; correct test for 145 of 145 patients with intra-abdominal injury undergoing acute intervention) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100·0% (95% CI 99·9-100·0; correct test for 3488 of 3488 patients without intra-abdominal injuries undergoing acute intervention). The traumatic brain injury rule for children younger than 2 years had a sensitivity of 100·0% (93·1-100·0; 42 of 42) for clinically important traumatic brain injuries and an NPV of 100·0%; 99·9-100·0; 2940 of 2940), whereas the traumatic brain injury rule for children aged 2 years and older had a sensitivity of 98·8% (95·8-99·9; 168 of 170) and an NPV of 100·0% (99·9-100·0; 6015 of 6017). The two children who were misclassified by the traumatic brain injury rule were admitted to hospital for observation but did not need neurosurgery. INTERPRETATION: The PECARN intra-abdominal injury and traumatic brain injury rules were validated with a high degree of accuracy. Their implementation in paediatric emergency departments can therefore be considered a safe strategy to minimise inappropriate CT use in children needing high-quality care for abdominal or head trauma. FUNDING: The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Evaluating patient factors, operative management and postoperative outcomes in trauma laparotomy patients worldwide: a protocol for a global observational multicentre trauma study.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma contributes to the greatest loss of disability-adjusted life-years for adolescents and young adults worldwide. In the context of global abdominal trauma, the trauma laparotomy is the most commonly performed operation. Variation likely exists in how these patients are managed and their subsequent outcomes, yet very little global data on the topic currently exists. The objective of the GOAL-Trauma study is to evaluate both patient and injury factors for those undergoing trauma laparotomy, their clinical management and postoperative outcomes. METHODS: We describe a planned prospective multicentre observational cohort study of patients undergoing trauma laparotomy. We will include patients of all ages who present to hospital with a blunt or penetrating injury and undergo a trauma laparotomy within 5 days of presentation to the treating centre. The study will collect system, patient, process and outcome data, following patients up until 30 days postoperatively (or until discharge or death, whichever is first). Our sample size calculation suggests we will need to recruit 552 patients from approximately 150 recruiting centres. DISCUSSION: The GOAL-Trauma study will provide a global snapshot of the current management and outcomes for patients undergoing a trauma laparotomy. It will also provide insight into the variation seen in the time delays for receiving care, the disease and patient factors present, and patient outcomes. For current standards of trauma care to be improved worldwide, a greater understanding of the current state of trauma laparotomy care is paramount if appropriate interventions and targets are to be identified and implemented.

Vaginal pessary: a culprit for intraperitoneal bladder perforation.

Vaginal pessaries are widely considered to be a safe and effective non-surgical management option for women with pelvic organ prolapse. Complications may occur, and are more frequent with improper care and certain device designs and materials. It is imperative to provide information to patients about potential complications. We present the case of a woman in her 70s who presented to the Emergency Department with increasing groin and abdominal pain following a vaginal pessary insertion 2 days prior for grade 3 vaginal vault prolapse. On presentation, her abdomen was markedly distended with guarding. Laboratory investigations showed a significant acute kidney injury with a metabolic acidosis. An initial non-contrast CT showed fluid and inflammatory changes surrounding the bladder, and bladder perforation was suspected. A subsequent CT cystogram showed extravasation of contrast from the bladder into the peritoneal cavity, in keeping with an intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The patient underwent an emergency bladder repair in theatre.

Comparative effectiveness of angioembolization versus open surgery in patients with blunt splenic injury.

The effectiveness and safety of transcatheter splenic artery embolization (SAE) compared to those of open surgery in patients with blunt splenic injury (BSI) remain unclear. This retrospective cohort-matched study utilized data from the Japan Trauma Data Bank recorded between 2004 and 2019. Patients with BSI who underwent SAE or open surgery were selected. A propensity score matching analysis was used to balance the baseline covariates and compare outcomes, including all-cause in-hospital mortality and spleen salvage. From 361,706 patients recorded in the data source, this study included 2,192 patients with BSI who underwent SAE or open surgery. A propensity score matching analysis was used to extract 377 matched pairs of patients. The in-hospital mortality rates (SAE, 11.6% vs. open surgery, 11.2%, adjusted relative risk (aRR): 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-1.09, p = 0.10) were similar in both the groups. However, spleen salvage was significantly less achieved in the open surgery group than in the SAE group (SAE, 87.1% vs. open surgery, 32.1%; aRR: 2.84, 95%CI: 2.29-3.51, p < 0.001). Survival rates did not significantly differ between BSI patients undergoing SAE and those undergoing open surgery. Nonetheless, SAE was notably associated with a higher likelihood of successful spleen salvage.

[Traumatic damage to the diaphragm in children]. / Travmaticheskie povrezhdeniya diafragmy u detei.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze treatment outcomes in children with traumatic injuries of the diaphragm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We followed-up 14 children aged 3-18 years with traumatic injuries of the diaphragm. Diagnostic measures included anamnesis, physical examination, pleural and abdominal puncture, bladder catheterization, ultrasound and X-ray examination including CT. RESULTS: Traumatic brain injury and thoracoabdominal trauma prevailed in children with traumatic injuries of the diaphragm. In 8 children, diaphragm injury was the result of a traffic accident. Of these, 5 ones died at the scene due to traumatic brain injury. In 3 children, diaphragm injury was associated with penetration of an iron pin through the perineum, pelvic cavity, abdominal and chest cavities when falling from a height (n=1) and sledding (n=2). Two children were littered with a pile of bricks and building materials. One girl suffered a diaphragm injury as a result of a stab wound. CONCLUSION: Combined damage to the diaphragm, TBI, chest and abdominal organs are serious injuries. Signs of shock, internal bleeding, respiratory failure and bone fractures come to the fore. Assistance to these children should be carried out in specialized hospitals.

Outcomes of non-operative management of penetrating abdominal trauma.

BACKGROUND: Selective non-operative management (SNOM) of penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) is routinely practised in our trauma centre. This study aims to report the outcomes of patients who have failed SNOM. METHODS: Patients presenting with PAT from 1 May 2015 - 31 January 2018 were reviewed. They were categorised into immediate laparotomy and delayed operative management (DOM) groups. Outcomes compared were postoperative complications, length of hospital stay and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 944 patients with PAT were reviewed. After excluding 100 patients undergoing damage control surgery, 402 (47.6%) and 542 (52.4%) were managed non-operatively and operatively, respectively. In the SNOM cohort, 359 (89.3%) were managed successfully without laparotomy. Thirty-seven (86.0%) patients in the DOM group had a therapeutic laparotomy, and six (14.0%) had an unnecessary laparotomy. Nine (20.9%) patients in the DOM group developed complications. The DOM group had lesser complications. However, the two groups had no difference in hospital length of stay (LOS). There was no mortality in the non-operative management (NOM) group. CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated no mortality and less morbidity in the DOM group when appropriately selected compared to the immediate laparotomy group. This supports the selective NOM approach for PAT in high volume trauma centres.

Pancreaticoureteric fistula following penetrating abdominal trauma: A Case Report.

Pancreaticoureteric Fistula (PUF) is a very rare complication secondary to penetrating abdominal trauma involving the ureter and pancreatic parenchyma. Pancreatic injuries carry h igh morbidity due to the involvem ent of surrounding structures and are d ifficult to diagnose due to thei r retroperitoneal location. A case of a patient is reported at Civil Hospital, Hyderabad who presented with a history of firearm injury and missed pancreatic duct involvement on initial exploration that eventually led to the development of Pan creaticoureteric Fistula. He was managed v ia p erc ut aneous nep hrostomy ( PCN ) for the right ureteric injury and pancreatic duct (PD) stenting was done for distal main pancreatic duct injury (MPD).

The prevalence of early contained vascular injury of spleen.

Contained vascular injuries (CVI) of spleen include pseudoaneurysms (PSA) and arterio-venous fistulae (AV-fistulae), and their reported prevalence varies. Our purpose was to assess the prevalence of early splenic CVI seen on admission CT in patients with splenic trauma admitted to a single level 1 trauma center in 2013-2021, and its detection in different CT protocols. A retrospective, single-center longitudinal cohort study. Nine-year data (2013-2021) of all patients with suspected or manifest abdominal trauma were retrieved. All patients, > 15 years with an ICD code for splenic trauma (S36.0XX) were included. CT and angiographic examinations were identified. Reports and images were reviewed. Splenic CVI CT criterion was a focal collection of vascular contrast that decreases in attenuation with delayed imaging. Number of CVIs and treatment was based on medical records and/or available angioembolization data. Of 2805 patients with abdominal trauma, 313 patients (313/2805; 11.2%) fulfilled the study entry criteria. 256 patients (256/313; 81.8%) had a CT examination. Sixteen patients had splenectomy before CT, and the final study group included 240 patients (240/313; 76.7%). Median New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was 27 and 87.5% of patients had NISS > 15. Splenic CVI was found in 20 patients, which yields a prevalence of 8.3% (20/240; 95% CI 5.2-12.6%). In those cases with both late arterial and venous phase images available, CVI was seen in 14.5% of cases (18/124, 95% CI 8.6-22.0%). None of the patients with CVI died within 30 days of the injury. The prevalence of early splenic CVI in patients with a splenic trauma was 8.3-14.5% (95% CI 5.2-22.0%). Our data suggests that both arterial and venous phase are needed for CT diagnosis. The 30-day outcome in terms of mortality was good.

Endovascular treatment of traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery in a 9-year-old girl: Case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Visceral artery aneurysm is a rare and potentially fatal vascular condition that typically affects the superior mesenteric or inferior mesenteric arteries, the splenic, hepatic, and celiac arteries, as well as their branches. Visceral artery aneurysms can usually be treated using endovascular intervention, open surgery, or percutaneous thrombin injection. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 9-year-old girl was admitted to our trauma center with abdominal and bilateral leg pain after a car accident involving a head-on collision. DIAGNOSIS: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed bowel herniation through a muscle defect in the left lateral abdominal wall. There was a small amount of fluid around the liver and spleen, mild thickening of the small bowel wall, and infiltration in the small bowel mesentery, indicating the possibility of small bowel injury. INTERVENTIONS: Emergent exploratory laparotomy was performed. After resection of the ischemic parts of the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon, intestinal continuity was reestablished. Primary repair was performed on a traumatic left lateral abdominal wall hernia. She recovered well postoperatively without any complications. A follow-up abdominal CT scan after 2 months showed a pseudoaneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery. Despite the absence of any gastrointestinal symptoms, the pseudoaneurysm was treated by endovascular intervention using numerous coils because of the significant risk of delayed rupture or massive bleeding. OUTCOMES: Follow-up abdominal CT scan after 6 months showed complete occlusion and resorption of the pseudoaneurysm. LESSONS: Although it is technically challenging, endovascular coil embolization may be a feasible technique in children with traumatic visceral artery pseudoaneurysms without complications.

Pancreatic injury due to blunt trauma on CT: does retropancreatic fat tissue reduce the severity of pancreatic injury?

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic injuries from blunt abdominal trauma have a high mortality rate, often accompanied by injuries to adjacent organs. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the size of retropancreatic adipose tissue and the severity of pancreatic and adjacent organ injuries in patients with pancreatic trauma. METHODS: We retrospectively screened computed tomography (CT) images of 34 patients (25 males, nine females, aged 13-69 years) and 34 controls (28 males, six females, aged 15-66 years) who suffered blunt abdominal trauma. The area of adipose tissue located posterior to the pancreatic body was measured in the axial plane for all subjects. The severity of pancreatic injury was assessed in terms of the injury site, the retropancreatic adipose tissue area, and the degree of other organ injuries. RESULTS: Pancreatic injuries were located in the head for 16 patients (23.5%), in the body for four patients (5.9%), and in the tail for 14 patients (20.6%). The retropancreatic fat area was found to be significantly smaller in patients with pancreatic trauma compared to controls (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the ratio of the retropancreatic fat area to the vertebral corpus area differed significantly between patients with and without pancreatic injuries (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: Retropancreatic adipose tissue protects the pancreatic body from the impacts of blunt abdominal trauma. An increased amount of retropancreatic adipose tissue is associated with a reduced rate of pancreatic injury.

Is it possible to predict mortality in patients with high-grade blunt liver injury? A single trauma center study.

BACKGROUND: Blunt abdominal trauma constitutes a significant portion of trauma cases and is often associated with liver injury. Given that high-grade liver injuries remain life-threatening, identifying patients who will likely require more vigilant attention and care is crucial. This study aims to determine the parameters that increase mortality in patients with high-grade liver trauma. METHODS: This study enrolled 38 patients with Grade III or higher liver injuries, treated by the general surgery department between 2008 and 2023. Eleven patients who died were categorized into Group 1, and 27 survivors were placed in Group 2. We evaluated their respective mechanisms of injury, imaging results, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, Base Excess, Lactate levels, pH, and Injury Severity Score findings. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed for parameters with significant differences, and certain cutoff values were determined. RESULTS: The grade of liver injury and additional abdominal organ injuries were significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.05). The difference in extra-abdominal injury sites was statistically insignificant between the groups (p>0.05). Erythrocyte suspension requirements were significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.05). Average lactate and base deficit values were also significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.05), while leukocyte counts were significantly lower in Group 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Base deficit, hemoglobin (Hb), lactate levels, injury severity, liver injury grade, accompanying abdominal injuries at admission, and erythrocyte suspension demands were found to be associated with increased mortality rates. Certain cutoff values for the aforementioned parameters could be established. However, further data are required to confirm these findings.

Distinctive Pathology Associated With Focal Stenosis of the Main Pancreatic Duct Secondary to Remote Trauma: A Long-term Complication of Seat Belt Pancreatitis.

The radiologic finding of focal stenosis of the main pancreatic duct is highly suggestive of pancreatic cancer. Even in the absence of a mass lesion, focal duct stenosis can lead to surgical resection of the affected portion of the pancreas. We present four patients with distinctive pathology associated with non-neoplastic focal stenosis of the main pancreatic duct. The pathology included stenosis of the pancreatic duct accompanied by wavy, acellular, serpentine-like fibrosis, chronic inflammation with foreign body-type giant cell reaction, and calcifications. In all cases, the pancreas toward the tail of the gland had obstructive changes including acinar drop-out and interlobular and intralobular fibrosis. Three of the four patients had a remote history of major motor vehicle accidents associated with severe abdominal trauma. These results emphasize that blunt trauma can injure the pancreas and that this injury can result in long-term complications, including focal stenosis of the main pancreatic duct. Pathologists should be aware of the distinct pathology associated with remote trauma and, when the pathology is present, should elicit the appropriate clinical history.

Trauma to the solid abdominal organs: The missed dark box of colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is an integral part of the lower bowel care and is generally considered a potentially safe diagnostic and therapeutic procedure performed as a daycare outpatient procedure. Colonoscopy is associated with different complications that are not limited to adverse events related to the bowel preparation solutions used, the sedatives used, but to the procedure related as well including bleeding and perforation. Injuries to the extra-luminal abdominal organs during colonoscopy are uncommon, however, serious complications related to the procedure have been reported infrequently in the literature. Life threatening injuries to the spleen, liver, pancreas, mesentery, and urinary bladder have been reported as early as in mid-1970s. These injuries should not be overlooked by clinicians and endoscopists. Steadily increasing abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and hemodynamic instability in absence of rectal bleeding should raise the possibility of severe organ injury. Splenic and hepatic injury following colonoscopy are usually serious and may be life threatening. Although conservative management may help, yet they usually need interventional radiology or surgical intervention. Acute pancreatitis following colonoscopy is usually mild and is mostly managed conservatively. The mechanism of abdominal organ injuries during colonoscopy is not fully understood, however many risk factors have been identified, which can be classified as- organ related, procedure related, and local abdominal factors. Difficult colonoscopy and prior intra-abdominal adhesions are probably the most relevant risk factors for these injuries. Left lateral position, avoidance of looping and excessive force during the procedure would probably reduce the risk of such injuries.

Persistent disparities between trauma center types in the management of children with high-grade blunt splenic injuries.

BACKGROUND: In the early 2000s, substantial variations were reported in the management of pediatric patients with blunt splenic injury (BSI). The purpose of this study was to assess the recent trends and disparities between different types of trauma centers. We hypothesized that there would be persistent disparities despite decreased trends in the rate of splenectomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database. We included patients (age ≤18 years) with high-grade BSI (Abbreviated Injury Scale 3-5) between 2014 and 2021. The patients were divided into three groups based on trauma center types (adult trauma centers [ATCs], mixed trauma centers [MTCs], and pediatric trauma centers [PTCs]). The primary outcome was the splenectomy rate. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between trauma center types and clinical outcomes. Additionally, the trends in the rate of splenectomy at ATCs, MTCs, and PTCs were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 6601 patients with high-grade BSI were included in the analysis. Overall splenectomy rates were 524 (17.5%), 448 (16.3%), and 32 (3.7%) in the ATC, MTC, and PTC groups, respectively. ATCs and MTCs had significantly higher splenectomy rates compared to PTCs (ATCs: OR = 5.72, 95%CI = 3.78-8.67, and p < 0.001 and MTCs: OR = 4.50, 95%CI = 2.97-6.81, and p < 0.001), while decreased trends in the splenectomy rates were observed in ATCs and MTCs (ATCs: OR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.87-0.97, and p = 0.003 and MTCs: OR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.87-0.98, and p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested persistent disparities between different trauma center types in the management of children with high-grade BSI.